What are the types of B cell epitope prediction?
B-cell epitopes are usually composed of two types, linear or conformational B-cell epitopes. Linear B-cell epitopes are continuous amino acid sequence fragments. Conformational B-cell epitopes consist of the amino acid that is mainly made up of different residues formed by protein folding.
Do B cells respond to epitope?
The T and B lymphocytes (T and B Cells) are involved in the acquired or antigen-specific immune response given that they are the only cells in the organism able to recognize and respond specifically to each antigenic epitope.
Are B cells epitope specific?
An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. The epitope is the specific piece of the antigen to which an antibody binds. The part of an antibody that binds to the epitope is called a paratope.
What are B and T epitopes explain?
T cell epitopes are usually protein antigen-derived peptides presented by MHC molecules on antigen-presenting cells and recognized by T-cell receptors. B cell epitopes are either peptides or protein surface residues that bind to an antibody.
How do B cells respond to antigens?
B cells have B cell receptors (BCRs) on their surface, which they use to bind to a specific protein. Once the B cells bind to this protein, called an antigen, they release antibodies that stick to the antigen and prevent it from harming the body. Then, the B cells secrete cytokines to attract other immune cells.
What epitope are B cell clones activated against to?
Activation of a B cell by a protein antigen requires the B cell to function as an APC, presenting the protein epitopes with MHC II to helper T cells. Because of their dependence on T cells for activation of B cells, protein antigens are classified as T-dependent antigens.
How do you identify an epitope antibody?
There are several methods available for mapping antibody epitopes on target antigens:X-ray co-crystallography and cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM). … Array-based oligo-peptide scanning. … Site-directed mutagenesis mapping. … High-throughput shotgun mutagenesis epitope mapping. … Hydrogen–deuterium exchange (HDX).More items…
How many epitopes does an antigen have?
An antigen is an antigen when there is at least 1 epitope , but there is not a specific number of epitopes on one antigen.
How do epitopes work?
epitope, also called antigenic determinant, portion of a foreign protein, or antigen, that is capable of stimulating an immune response. An epitope is the part of the antigen that binds to a specific antigen receptor on the surface of a B cell.
What are the properties of B cell epitopes?
The features of B cell epitope are hydrophilicity, surface accessibility, beta turns, exposed surface, polarity and antigenic properties of amino acids. These properties of polypeptides chains have been correlated with the location of the continuous and discontinuous conformational epitopes.
What is the importance of epitope?
Epitope mapping Mapping epitopes is important for developing effective vaccines, diagnostics, and therapeutics. It helps identify the epitope site and elucidate the antibody’s binding mechanism.
How do B and T cells differ with respect to antigens that they bind?
T and B cells differ in one fundamental way: whereas T cells bind antigens that have been digested and embedded in MHC molecules by APCs, B cells function as APCs that bind intact antigens that have not been processed.
Abstract
Identification of B-cell epitopes is a fundamental step for development of epitope-based vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and diagnostic tools. Epitope-based antibodies are currently the most promising class of biopharmaceuticals.
1. Introduction
Antigen-antibody interaction is a key event in humoral immune response to invading pathogen. A specific antibody (Ab) recognizes antigen (Ag) at discrete regions known as antigenic determinants or B-cell epitopes.
2. B-Cell Epitope Mapping
Most of the existing methods for epitope mapping (structural and functional approach) are expensive, laborious, time consuming, and often fail to identify all epitopes.
3. B-Cell Epitope Databases
Thanks to the technological advances in genomics, proteomics, and epitope mapping techniques, huge amounts of data are being generated and are necessary to organize in a searchable form.
4. In Silico B-Cell Epitope Prediction
Correlation between B-cell epitope localization and physicochemical properties (e.g., hydrophilicity, solvent accessibility, flexibility, turns, polarity, antigenicity, and surface exposure), has been demonstrated in several studies (reviewed in [ 65 ]).
5. Conclusion
Antibodies are currently the most promising class of biopharmaceuticals. The main objective of epitope identification is to replace an antigen in the immunization, antibody production, and serodiagnosis. The accurate identification of B-cell epitopes and large-scale data integration still presents major challenges for immunologists.